C++ 标准库 <string>
C++ 标准库(Standard Template Library, STL)是 C++ 的核心组成部分之一,提供了丰富的数据结构和算法。
<string>
是 C++ 标准库中用于处理字符串的头文件。
在 C++ 中,字符串是由字符组成的序列。<string>
头文件提供了 std::string
类,它是对 C 风格字符串的封装,提供了更安全、更易用的字符串操作功能。
要在 C++ 程序中使用 <string>
库,首先需要包含这个头文件:
#include <iostream> #include <string>
基本语法
std::string
类的基本语法如下:
-
声明字符串变量:
std::string str;
-
初始化字符串:
std::string str = "Hello, World!";
-
使用
+
连接字符串:std::string str1 = "Hello, "; std::string str2 = "World!"; std::string result = str1 + str2;
常用成员函数
std::string
类提供了许多成员函数来操作字符串,以下是一些常用的成员函数:
size()
:返回字符串的长度。empty()
:检查字符串是否为空。operator[]
:通过索引访问字符串中的字符。substr()
:获取子字符串。find()
:查找子字符串在主字符串中的位置。replace()
:替换字符串中的某些字符。
实例
下面是一个使用 <string>
库的简单实例,包括输出结果:
实例
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
int main() {
// 声明并初始化字符串
std::string greeting = "Hello, World!";
std::cout << "Greeting: " << greeting << std::endl;
// 使用 size() 获取字符串长度
std::cout << "Length of the greeting: " << greeting.size() << std::endl;
// 使用 empty() 检查字符串是否为空
std::cout << "Is the greeting empty? " << (greeting.empty() ? "Yes" : "No") << std::endl;
// 使用 operator[] 访问特定位置的字符
std::cout << "Character at position 7: " << greeting[7] << std::endl;
// 使用 substr() 获取子字符串
std::string sub = greeting.substr(7, 5);
std::cout << "Substring from position 7 with length 5: " << sub << std::endl;
// 使用 find() 查找子字符串
std::cout << "Position of 'World' in the greeting: " << greeting.find("World") << std::endl;
// 使用 replace() 替换字符串中的部分内容
// 替换 'World' 为 'C++'
std::string modified = greeting;
std::string::size_type pos = modified.find("World");
if (pos != std::string::npos) {
modified.replace(pos, 5, "C++"); // 从位置 pos 开始,替换 5 个字符为 "C++"
}
std::cout << "Modified greeting: " << modified << std::endl;
return 0;
}
#include <string>
int main() {
// 声明并初始化字符串
std::string greeting = "Hello, World!";
std::cout << "Greeting: " << greeting << std::endl;
// 使用 size() 获取字符串长度
std::cout << "Length of the greeting: " << greeting.size() << std::endl;
// 使用 empty() 检查字符串是否为空
std::cout << "Is the greeting empty? " << (greeting.empty() ? "Yes" : "No") << std::endl;
// 使用 operator[] 访问特定位置的字符
std::cout << "Character at position 7: " << greeting[7] << std::endl;
// 使用 substr() 获取子字符串
std::string sub = greeting.substr(7, 5);
std::cout << "Substring from position 7 with length 5: " << sub << std::endl;
// 使用 find() 查找子字符串
std::cout << "Position of 'World' in the greeting: " << greeting.find("World") << std::endl;
// 使用 replace() 替换字符串中的部分内容
// 替换 'World' 为 'C++'
std::string modified = greeting;
std::string::size_type pos = modified.find("World");
if (pos != std::string::npos) {
modified.replace(pos, 5, "C++"); // 从位置 pos 开始,替换 5 个字符为 "C++"
}
std::cout << "Modified greeting: " << modified << std::endl;
return 0;
}
输出结果:
Length of the greeting: 13 Is the greeting empty? No Character at position 7: W Substring from position 7 with length 5: World Position of 'World' in the greeting: 7 Modified greeting: Hello, C++!
std::string 成员函数汇总表
下面是一个常见的 std::string 成员函数的汇总:函数名 | 描述 | 示例代码 |
---|---|---|
size() | 返回字符串的长度(字符数)。 | std::cout << str.size(); |
length() | 与 size() 相同,返回字符串的长度。 | std::cout << str.length(); |
empty() | 判断字符串是否为空。 | std::cout << (str.empty() ? "Yes" : "No"); |
operator[] | 访问字符串中指定位置的字符。 | std::cout << str[0]; |
at() | 访问字符串中指定位置的字符(带边界检查)。 | std::cout << str.at(0); |
substr() | 返回从指定位置开始的子字符串。 | std::string sub = str.substr(0, 5); |
find() | 查找子字符串在字符串中的位置。 | std::cout << str.find("sub") << std::endl; |
rfind() | 从字符串末尾开始查找子字符串的位置。 | std::cout << str.rfind("sub") << std::endl; |
replace() | 替换字符串中的部分内容。 | str.replace(pos, length, "new_substring"); |
append() | 在字符串末尾添加内容。 | str.append(" more"); |
insert() | 在指定位置插入内容。 | str.insert(pos, "inserted"); |
erase() | 删除指定位置的字符或子字符串。 | str.erase(pos, length); |
clear() | 清空字符串。 | str.clear(); |
c_str() | 返回 C 风格的字符串(以 null 结尾)。 | const char* cstr = str.c_str(); |
data() | 返回指向字符数据的指针(C++11 及之后的版本)。 | const char* data = str.data(); |
compare() | 比较两个字符串。 | int result = str.compare("other"); |
find_first_of() | 查找第一个匹配任意字符的位置。 | size_t pos = str.find_first_of("aeiou"); |
find_last_of() | 查找最后一个匹配任意字符的位置。 | size_t pos = str.find_last_of("aeiou"); |
find_first_not_of() | 查找第一个不匹配任意字符的位置。 | size_t pos = str.find_first_not_of("aeiou"); |
find_last_not_of() | 查找最后一个不匹配任意字符的位置。 | size_t pos = str.find_last_not_of("aeiou"); |
实例
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
int main() {
std::string str = "Hello, World!";
// size()
std::cout << "Length: " << str.size() << std::endl;
// empty()
std::cout << "Is empty? " << (str.empty() ? "Yes" : "No") << std::endl;
// operator[]
std::cout << "First character: " << str[0] << std::endl;
// at()
std::cout << "Character at position 7: " << str.at(7) << std::endl;
// substr()
std::string sub = str.substr(7, 5);
std::cout << "Substring from position 7 with length 5: " << sub << std::endl;
// find()
size_t pos = str.find("World");
std::cout << "Position of 'World': " << pos << std::endl;
// replace()
str.replace(pos, 5, "C++");
std::cout << "Modified string: " << str << std::endl;
// append()
str.append(" How are you?");
std::cout << "Appended string: " << str << std::endl;
// insert()
str.insert(7, " Beautiful");
std::cout << "String after insert: " << str << std::endl;
// erase()
str.erase(7, 10);
std::cout << "String after erase: " << str << std::endl;
// clear()
str.clear();
std::cout << "String after clear: " << (str.empty() ? "Empty" : "Not empty") << std::endl;
// c_str()
str = "Hello, C++!";
const char* cstr = str.c_str();
std::cout << "C-style string: " << cstr << std::endl;
// compare()
int cmp = str.compare("Hello, C++!");
std::cout << "Comparison result: " << cmp << std::endl;
// find_first_of()
size_t pos_first_vowel = str.find_first_of("aeiou");
std::cout << "First vowel at position: " << pos_first_vowel << std::endl;
// find_last_of()
size_t pos_last_vowel = str.find_last_of("aeiou");
std::cout << "Last vowel at position: " << pos_last_vowel << std::endl;
// find_first_not_of()
size_t pos_first_non_vowel = str.find_first_not_of("aeiou");
std::cout << "First non-vowel at position: " << pos_first_non_vowel << std::endl;
// find_last_not_of()
size_t pos_last_non_vowel = str.find_last_not_of("aeiou");
std::cout << "Last non-vowel at position: " << pos_last_non_vowel << std::endl;
return 0;
}
#include <string>
int main() {
std::string str = "Hello, World!";
// size()
std::cout << "Length: " << str.size() << std::endl;
// empty()
std::cout << "Is empty? " << (str.empty() ? "Yes" : "No") << std::endl;
// operator[]
std::cout << "First character: " << str[0] << std::endl;
// at()
std::cout << "Character at position 7: " << str.at(7) << std::endl;
// substr()
std::string sub = str.substr(7, 5);
std::cout << "Substring from position 7 with length 5: " << sub << std::endl;
// find()
size_t pos = str.find("World");
std::cout << "Position of 'World': " << pos << std::endl;
// replace()
str.replace(pos, 5, "C++");
std::cout << "Modified string: " << str << std::endl;
// append()
str.append(" How are you?");
std::cout << "Appended string: " << str << std::endl;
// insert()
str.insert(7, " Beautiful");
std::cout << "String after insert: " << str << std::endl;
// erase()
str.erase(7, 10);
std::cout << "String after erase: " << str << std::endl;
// clear()
str.clear();
std::cout << "String after clear: " << (str.empty() ? "Empty" : "Not empty") << std::endl;
// c_str()
str = "Hello, C++!";
const char* cstr = str.c_str();
std::cout << "C-style string: " << cstr << std::endl;
// compare()
int cmp = str.compare("Hello, C++!");
std::cout << "Comparison result: " << cmp << std::endl;
// find_first_of()
size_t pos_first_vowel = str.find_first_of("aeiou");
std::cout << "First vowel at position: " << pos_first_vowel << std::endl;
// find_last_of()
size_t pos_last_vowel = str.find_last_of("aeiou");
std::cout << "Last vowel at position: " << pos_last_vowel << std::endl;
// find_first_not_of()
size_t pos_first_non_vowel = str.find_first_not_of("aeiou");
std::cout << "First non-vowel at position: " << pos_first_non_vowel << std::endl;
// find_last_not_of()
size_t pos_last_non_vowel = str.find_last_not_of("aeiou");
std::cout << "Last non-vowel at position: " << pos_last_non_vowel << std::endl;
return 0;
}
输出结果:
Length: 13 Is empty? No First character: H Character at position 7: W Substring from position 7 with length 5: World Position of 'World': 7 Modified string: Hello, C++! Appended string: Hello, C++! How are you? String after insert: Hello, BeautifulC++! How are you? String after erase: Hello, C++! How are you? String after clear: Empty C-style string: Hello, C++! Comparison result: 0 First vowel at position: 1 Last vowel at position: 4 First non-vowel at position: 0 Last non-vowel at position: 10